MEMORANDUM AND ORDER ON DEFENDANT CHITIKA'S MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS

STEARNS, District Judge.

In this copyright infringement case, plaintiffs Elsevier Ltd. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Wiley), claim that defendant Chitika, Inc., is liable for contributory infringement of plaintiffs' books. Presently before the court is Chitika's motion for judgment on the pleadings. The court heard oral argument on November 29, 2011.

BACKGROUND

The facts, in the light most favorable to plaintiffs as the nonmoving party, are as follows.1 Plaintiff Elsevier is a publishing corporation organized under the laws of England and headquartered in London. Am. Compl. ¶ 1. Plaintiff Wiley is a publishing corporation organized under the laws of New York, with its principal place of business in Hoboken, New Jersey. Id. ¶ 2. Defendant Chitika is "a data analytics company in the business of on-line advertising."2 Answer ¶ 4. It is organized under the laws of Delaware and headquartered in Westborough, Massachusetts. Id. ¶ 4. Defendant Kapil Dev Saggi, a citizen and resident of India, operated the website www.pharmatext.org (the Pharmatext website). Am. Compl. ¶ 18.3

The Pharmatext home page was titled "Pharmatext.org, Free Pharma E-Books." Id. ¶ 20, Ex. B. Below this title "were pictures of the front covers of various books available through Pharmatext, and various ways of finding links to these and other `free' books. Among the methods available for linking to `free' books was a box in which one could enter a title and conduct a search for that title." Id. "If a book was available through Pharmatext, a picture of its front cover appeared on the screen along with a hypertext link called `Download.' If one clicked on `Download,' one would be linked through to a page through which it was possible to download the entire text of the book at no cost." Id. ¶ 21.4

Plaintiffs allege that "[v]isitors to Pharmatext were greeted with heavy third-party advertising. Since nothing was paid by Pharmatext users for infringing copies, advertising appeared to be Pharmatext's only source of income, with the possible exception of `donations' which were solicited on the site." Id. ¶ 24. Plaintiffs further allege that according to their "information and belief, many of these third-party ads were placed on the Pharmatext site by defendants Chitika and Clicksor5 Chitika holds itself out to the public as `a proven channel for targeting on-line consumers and qualified buyers.'" Id. ¶ 25, quoting http://chitika.com/blog/about-us.6 Chitika receives payments from advertisers and pays Pharmatext a share of those payments in exchange for the right to display ads on the Pharmatext website. Am. Compl. ¶ 26; Answer ¶ 26. Chitika alleges that over approximately twenty-nine months, from August of 2008 through December of 2010, its payments to Pharmatext "amounted to $513.93, or approximately $17.72 per month on average." Answer ¶ 26.7

Plaintiffs became concerned that unauthorized copies of their books were available through the Pharmatext website. Am. Compl. ¶ 22. They asked David Burke, a resident of Massachusetts, to investigate. On or about August 1, 2010, Burke succeeded in downloading entire copies of plaintiffs' books to his computer, without having to make any payment. Id. Plaintiffs at no time authorized anyone to store their books online or to deliver copies as downloads to users of the Pharmatext website. Id. ¶ 23.

On January 6, 2011, plaintiffs filed an action against defendants for copyright infringement. Plaintiffs allege two counts of copyright infringement: Count I pertains to the Development and Validation of Analytical Methods, edited by Christopher M. Riley and Thomas W. Rosanske;8 Count II pertains to the Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, edited by Richard Pohanish and Stanley A. Greene.9 Id. ¶ 27. Plaintiffs allege that "Defendant Saggi is directly liable for the infringement carried out via Pharmatext." Id. ¶ 31.10 Plaintiffs further allege that Chitika is "liable for contributory infringement," insofar as it "directly profited from the infringement carried out through Pharmatext," and "enabled Pharmatext to stay in the infringement business by supplying it with income." Id. ¶ 33.

On January 6, 2011, following an ex parte motion hearing, the court (Woodlock, J.) granted plaintiffs' motion for a temporary restraining order, stating that "Defendant Whois Privacy Protection Service, Inc. shall not assign to any third party, including but not limited to the operator of the website identified by the domain name www.pharmatext.org; ownership or control of that domain name."11 See Dkt. # 9 (Temporary Restraining Order). On January 14, 2011, this court (Stearns, J.) held a hearing on plaintiffs' motion for a preliminary injunction. At the hearing, plaintiffs' counsel stated that the defendants had been served and were aware of the scheduled hearing; however, representatives for the defendants did not appear. The court granted the motion for a preliminary injunction and ordered defendant Whois Privacy Protection Service, Inc. to "take all steps necessary to disable" the Pharmatext website. See Dkt. # 13 (Order on Plaintiffs' Motion for a Preliminary Injunction).

On March 16, 2011, plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint. On May 27, 2011, Chitika filed an Answer to the Amended Complaint. On June 3, 2011, Chitika filed the present motion for judgment on the pleadings, arguing that plaintiffs have not stated a cognizable claim for contributory infringement.

DISCUSSION

A motion to dismiss brought after a complaint is answered is appropriately treated as a motion for judgment on the pleadings. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(c) ("After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the pleadings."). "In the archetypical case, the fate of such a motion will depend upon whether the pleadings, taken as a whole, reveal any potential dispute about one or more of the material facts." Gulf Coast Bank & Trust Co. v. Reder, 355 F.3d 35, 38 (1st Cir.2004); see also Aponte-Torres, 445 F.3d at 54 ("Like Rule 12(b)(6), Rule 12(c) does not allow for any resolution of contested facts; rather, a court may enter judgment on the pleadings only if the uncontested and properly considered facts conclusively establish the movant's entitlement to a favorable judgment.").

"[T]o survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion (and, by extension, a Rule 12(c) motion) a complaint must contain factual allegations that `raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true....'" Perez-Acevedo v. Rivero-Cubano, 520 F.3d 26, 29 (1st Cir.2008), quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). "In reviewing a motion under Rule 12(c), as in reviewing a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, [a court] may consider `documents the authenticity of which are not disputed by the parties; .. . documents central to the plaintiffs' claim; [and] documents sufficiently referred to in the complaint.'" Curran v. Cousins, 509 F.3d 36, 44 (1st Cir. 2007), quoting Watterson v. Page, 987 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1993).

I. Direct Infringement

Chitika first argues that plaintiffs have failed to allege a viable claim for direct infringement, which is a prerequisite to a claim for contributory infringement.12 See Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 930, 125 S.Ct. 2764, 162 L.Ed.2d 781 (2005) ("One infringes contributorily by intentionally inducing or encouraging direct infringement."); A & M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 n. 2 (9th Cir. 2001) ("Secondary liability for copyright infringement does not exist in the absence of direct infringement by a third party.").

Chitika contends that plaintiffs have not alleged any act of direct infringement occurring within the United States. "It is well established that copyright laws generally do not have extraterritorial application." Update Art, Inc. v. Modiin Publ'g, Ltd., 843 F.2d 67, 73 (2d Cir.1988). "[I]n order for U.S. copyright law to apply, at least one alleged infringement must be completed entirely within the United States." Allarcom Pay Television, Ltd. v. Gen. Instrument Corp., 69 F.3d 381, 387 (9th Cir.1995).

Read in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the Amended Complaint appears to allege infringement of two exclusive rights under copyright: the right to distribute copies of the copyrighted works, 17 U.S.C. § 106(3), and the right to display copies of the copyrighted works publicly, id. § 106(5). See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 28-29. Chitika argues that "[b]ecause the plaintiffs here have not alleged and cannot allege that the purportedly infringing copies of their books were made in the United States," U.S. copyright law has no application. Def.'s Mem. at 8. "Similarly, with regard to their distribution right, the plaintiffs have alleged only that the unauthorized copies are made `available' for download from unidentified servers in unspecified locations." Id., citing Am. Compl. ¶¶ 20-22.

Plaintiffs, for their part, contend that the "test downloads" performed by their investigator, David Burke, constitute direct infringement. In support of this argument, plaintiffs rely on Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC, 2011 WL 1641978, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 2011) (stating that "[c]ourts have consistently relied upon evidence of downloads by a plaintiff's investigator to establish both unauthorized copying and distribution of a plaintiff's work."). However, in Arista Records, both the investigators and the alleged direct infringers were located in the United States. See 2011 WL 1641978, at *7 (stating that plaintiffs' investigators "filtered the results for users located in the United States...."). In contrast, here, the alleged direct infringer (Mr. Saggi) is believed to be located in India.13 Thus, Burke's downloading of unauthorized copies of plaintiffs' books, distributed by Saggi or other unidentified (and potentially foreign) actors,14 does not constitute an act of direct infringement occurring entirely within the United States. Cf. Update Art, 843 F.2d at 73 ("[T]he geographic location of the illegal reproduction is crucial. If the illegal reproduction of the poster occurred in the United States and then was exported to Israel, the magistrate properly could include damages accruing from the Israeli newspapers. If, as appellants assert, this predicate act occurred in Israel, American copyright laws would have no application to the Israeli newspapers.").

While it appears that Chitika may eventually be entitled to judgment on this ground (that is, plaintiffs' failure to allege any act of direct infringement occurring entirely within the United States), factual issues involving the structure of the Internet and the locus of the infringing activity remain (Where did the copying take place? Where are the third-party websites and servers, from which unauthorized copies of plaintiffs' books were downloaded?). These issues preclude the granting of the motion on this ground.

II. Contributory Infringement

Chitika argues that even if plaintiffs could state a valid claim for direct infringement, they have failed to establish that Chitika knowingly made any material contribution to the alleged infringement. "One infringes contributorily by intentionally inducing or encouraging direct infringement." Grokster, 545 U.S. at 930, 125 S.Ct. 2764. See also Gershwin Pub. Corp. v. Columbia Artists Mgmt., Inc., 443 F.2d 1159, 1162 (2d Cir.1971) ("[O]ne who, with knowledge of the infringing activity, induces, causes or materially contributes to the infringing conduct of another, may be held liable as a `contributory' infringer.").

A. Knowledge

"[K]nowledge and participation [are] the touchstones of contributory infringement." Demetriades v. Kaufmann, 690 F.Supp. 289, 293 (S.D.N.Y.1988). Perfect knowledge, on the other hand, is not required. "Although the defendant must have knowledge of the infringing activity, `the defendant need only have known of the direct infringer's activities, and need not have reached the legal conclusion that those activities infringed a copyrighted work.'" Jalbert v. Grautski, 554 F.Supp.2d 57, 68 (D.Mass.2008), quoting Paul Goldstein, Goldstein on Copyright § 8.1 n. 1 (2005). See also Sony Corp. of Am. v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 487-489, 104 S.Ct. 774, 78 L.Ed.2d 574 (1984) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) ("[A] finding of contributory infringement has never depended on actual knowledge of particular instances of infringement; it is sufficient that the defendant have reason to know that infringement is taking place.... Nor is it necessary that the defendant be aware that the infringing activity violates the copyright laws.").15

Chitika argues that plaintiffs do not (and cannot) allege facts showing that it had knowledge of any infringing activity, or that it knowingly caused or substantially contributed to any infringing activity. Chitika states that it

Answer ¶ 25.

Plaintiffs, for their part, allege only that Chitika "holds itself out to the public as `a proven channel for targeting on-line consumers and qualified buyers.'" Am. Compl. ¶ 25. Plaintiffs do not allege facts showing that Chitika was familiar with the content of the Pharmatext website, or knew (or had reason to know) that such content was infringing. Thus, plaintiffs fail to support with plausible facts their conclusory allegations that Chitika "must have had knowledge" of the alleged infringement of plaintiffs' books, see Pls.' Opp'n at 14, and that Chitika "plac[ed] ads on the Pharmatext site because [it] believe[d] that Pharmatext users—in other words, people seeking to obtain pirated copies of copyrighted books—are a target audience for particular advertisers." Am. Compl. ¶ 25.16 The court "need not accept as true legal conclusions from the complaint or `naked assertion[s] devoid of further factual enhancement.'" Maldonado v. Fontanes, 568 F.3d 263, 266 (1st Cir.2009), quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1948, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). See also Aponte-Torres, 445 F.3d at 55 (stating that in reviewing a Rule 12(c) motion, "[w]e ought not ... credit `bald assertions, unsupportable conclusions, periphrastic circumlocutions, and the like.'").

B. Materiality

Finally, Chitika argues that even if it was aware that the Pharmatext website contained infringing content, it still would not be contributorily liable because it did not materially contribute to any infringement. "Material assistance turns on whether the activity in question `substantially assists' infringement." Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa Int'l Serv. Ass'n, 494 F.3d 788, 814 (9th Cir.2007) (Kozinski, J., dissenting), quoting Amazon, 487 F.3d at 729. In Perfect 10 v. Visa, the owner of copyrights in images of nude models sought to impose contributory liability on Visa for processing credit card payments to the proprietors of "numerous websites" that had "stolen [Perfect 10's] proprietary images, altered them, and illegally offered them for sale online." 494 F.3d at 793. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal of the claims against Visa under Rule 12(b)(6). Although it acknowledged that Visa's "payment systems make it easier for ... infringement to be profitable, and ... therefore have the effect of increasing such infringement," id. at 799, the Ninth Circuit emphasized that Visa's payment networks were not "the `site' of the infringement," and Visa did not "create, operate, advertise, or otherwise promote the [infringing] websites." Id. at 799-800. Similarly, here, while Chitika's advertising payments might make it easier for Saggi's infringement to be profitable, Chitika did not create, operate, advertise, or promote the infringing websites, and its advertisements were not the "site" of the infringement.17 See also Livnat v. Lavi, 1998 WL 43221, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 1998) (dismissing contributory infringement claim against advertisers who placed ads in a magazine that published infringing photos).

Plaintiffs allege that Chitika "enabled Pharmatext to stay in the infringement business by supplying it with income." Am. Compl. ¶ 33. They make no allegations as to how much revenue Pharmatext received from Chitika,18 or how that revenue substantially assisted Pharmatext's allegedly infringing activities.19 While the court believes that the materiality standard has not been met by plaintiffs, it need not definitively decide the issue, in light of plaintiffs' failure to plausibly allege facts demonstrating knowledge on the part of Chitika.

ORDER

For the foregoing reasons, Chitika's Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings is ALLOWED. The Clerk will enter a dismissal of the claims against Chitika with prejudice.

SO ORDERED.